Scalar

Vector

1.      Those quantities, which do not require the mention of direction for their complete specification, are called scalar quantities.

Quantities, which require the mention of direction for their complete specification, are called Vector quantities.

2.      Scalars are represented by a magnitude, which is any number with a proper unit.

Vectors are represented by a magnitude which is a number with proper unit and also direction.

3.      Scalar quantities are added, subtracted and multiplied by ordinary algebra.

Vector quantities are added and subtracted by vector algebra.

4.      Some examples of scalar quantities are mass, speed, time, temperature, length and work etc.

Some examples of vector quantities are force, weight, moment, momentum and velocity etc.

g

G

1.         It is the acceleration due to gravity.

It is universal gravitational constant.

2.         Its value at the surface of earth is 9.8m/s².

Its value is 6.67 x 10^-11Nm²/kg²

3.         Its value is variable

Its value is constant throughout the universe

4.         It is determined by free fall method and simple pendulum

Its value is determined by cavendish experiment.

5.         It is a pulling force.

It is not a pulling force.

Kinetic Energy

Potential Energy

1.         K.E is the energy due to the motion of a body.

P.E is the energy due to the position of the body.

2.         Its value increases with velocity.

Its value increases with height

3.         Its value is equal to ½ the product of mass and square of velocity.

K.E = ½ mv²

Its value is equal to the product of the weight mg and height h.

P.E = mgh

4.         It can be converted into P.E.

It can be converted into K.E.

Force

Energy

1.         Force is the agent that changes or tends to change the state of rest or motion of a body.

Energyis the capability to do a work.

2.         Its unit is Newton in S.I system.

Its unit is joule in S.I system.

3.         Total amount of force in the universe is not constant.

Total amount of energy in the universe is constant. It can neither be created nor destroyed. However it can change form.

Heat

Temperature

1.         Heat is the total amount of kinetic energy possessed by the molecules of a body.

Temperature is the average amount of kinetic energy possessed by the molecules of a body.

2.         Heat is measured in Joules, calories or British Thermal unit.

Temperature is measured in degree.

3.         It is measure by calorimeter.

It is measure by thermometers.

4.         Heat is an energy and flows from higher level irrespective of the quantity.

Temperature is the thermal condition that determines the direction of flow of heat.

5.         Besides mass m of a body and its specific heat C, total heat of a body is determined by temperature also:

Q = mcDt

It is the heat in a body that determines its temperature.

Transverse Waves

Longitudinal Waves

1.         In transverse waves the particles of the medium vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the direction of motion of waves.

In longitudinal waves the particles of the medium vibrate in the direction of motion of waves.

2.         Troughs and crests are produced in transverse waves.

Compressions and rerefactions are produced is longitudinal waves.

3.         In transverse wave the distance between two identical position of two consecutive troughs or crests is known as Wavelength.

In longitudinal waves the distance between two identical positions of two consecutive compressions or rerefactions is known as Wave length.

4.         Besides solid, liquid and gas, transverse waves can be produced in vacuum also for instance, electromagnetic waves are produced in vacuum.

It can be produced in solids, liquids and gases only but not in vacuum.

Musical Sound

Noise

1.         It appears sweet to the ears.

It appears unpleasant to the ears.

2.         Musical sound depends on intensity, loudness, pitch and quality.

Noise depends upon intensity.

3.         Musical sound has healing effect on patients.

Noise effects hearing and mental alertness. Noise or above 90db is harmful.

4.         There is regularity in the variation of frequency and amplitude.

Change in frequency and amplitude is abrupt.

Electromotive Force

Potential Difference

1.         It is concerned with supply of energy

It is concerned with spending of energy.

2.         It is the cause of P.D as it produces P.D between the two terminals.

It is the effect of e.m.f.

3.         It has a definite direction.

It has no direction.

4.         Its numerical value is obtained by dividing the produced total energy by the number of charge.

e.m.f = total energy produce/number of charge

Its numerical value is obtained by dividing the work done by number of charges.

P.d = Work done/Charge

5.         It is the cause of running current in the entire circuit.

It is the cause of flow of current from higher potential to low.

6.         It is produced by many things i.e. chemical reaction in the cells, contact of dissimilar metals in the cell, self-induction etc.

It is produced by e.m.f when current moves through a resistance. In the absence of resistance there would be no P.d.

7.         In a closed circuit it is more than P.D.

In a closed circuit it is less than P.D.

8.         Its unit is volt.

Its unit is also volt.